Internet Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Internet Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example This paper details the market opportunities for providing a safe social net work for customers who are young people. The developed website is named www.emuu.com and will be marketed in this name and style through the internet. This paper is structured to present the market opportunities, proposed business strategy covering the customer segmentation and value proposition for the customers. In addition the paper also presents a business and revenue model for the marketing of www.emuu.com and the design of the organisation and the issues that need to be considered while starting up the internet business. The success of marketing a social network depends on the selection of a proper social net work software to design the website and also on the provision of the right kind of service to the customers so that they stay longer with the site (Ron McNeil). The objective of the social net work is to help the customers build up large communities and groups over the time. The site should create more opportunities for the customers to stay longer with the website and create the right kind of customer loyalty which is an absolute necessity for successfully running a social networking web site. ... The objective of the social net work is to help the customers build up large communities and groups over the time. The site should create more opportunities for the customers to stay longer with the website and create the right kind of customer loyalty which is an absolute necessity for successfully running a social networking web site. In line with these observations, www.emuu.com is being promoted as social net work for younger people with the following aims and objectives. 2.1 Aims and Objectives of the Internet Marketing Website emuu.com The ultimate aim of the website is to create a safe social network for the young people which has a real value for the time and money the young people spend on the site. In order to achieve this aim the website has the following objectives: (1) Providing a number of educational games which have the effect of stimulating the minds of young customers; the games will not be the usual computer games but will have a good educational value and will contribute to the creation and development of analytical skills among the young children (2) Encouraging the communication between old friends and new ones who got acquainted through the internet; the site will act as the base for the development of a meaningful communication between the subscribers and the visitors to the website (3) Enhancing the importance of the internet safety by providing suitable safeguards in the form of encrypted user names and passwords so that the information supplied on the network is not being misused by fraudsters for illegitimate purposes 2.2 Product Offering The website proposes to offer the following products

European Union law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Union law - Essay Example The case involved a claim from a Belgian woman employee whose compensation on termination of her employment was less than that given to her male counterparts performing identical duties. ECJ held that Article 157 TEFU providing for equal pay for men and women was directly effective provision of the Treaty enabling private citizens to sue their Governments or their agencies in the national courts of their state for remedy against sex discrimination (Tovey, 2010-2011). In Defrenne, it was made clear that the principle of equal for equal work would not only be binding on the member state but also private employers as guided by Article 119 of EC later Art 141) which sets out criteria to identify direct and overt discrimination (Defrenne v Sabena , 1976). In this connection, Article 157 defines payment of wage or salary and any other consideration whether in cash of kind received by an employee directly or indirectly. Further, in Defrenne, it was held social security schemes or benefits s uch as retirement pensions directly governed by legislations fell outside the scope of Art 157 TEFU. Now, regarding the case of Kate of personnel department aggrieved over her less favourable treatment than the employees of marketing department, article 4 of the Directive 2006/54/EC needs to be examined. Article 4 of the Directive states that for the same work or work of equal value, there should be no discrimination in pay on the basis of sex. Kate’s case is that pay for marketing department employees is one third higher than that of her own pay. There is no case that marketing department employee’s pay differed in terms of sex. In this case, all the marketing department employees are males except for one part-time female employee. There is no case that she is being paid lesser a rate of pay than her male counter parts receive. It is

Individual and Environmental Impacts on Businesses

Individual and Environmental Impacts on Businesses The key for business achievement or success requires two elements the individual and the environment. Absence of either value makes the goal unachievable. All components of a business environment have a direct or indirect relation on business. The outside factors, forces that cannot be controlled by an individual business enterprise and their management and have the capability to influence the business enterprise is termed as Business Environment. It includes every exterior forces within which a business organizations functions. Working of the business process is influenced by these forces and factors. Thus these forces and factors which stay outside the business, that are uncontrollable by single business entity but have an effect on business is called Business Environment. These factors or forces are customer, competitors, government, creditors, socio-cultural organizations, national and international organizations, political parties etc. These factors affect the business directly and indirectly according to its nature The business environment classified into three: Remote or General environment Industry environment Competitive environment Fig: Environmental Analysis According to Henry (2008), an organization has only two main environments i.e general and competitive environment. The competitive environment consists of industry and markets in which the organization operates. General environment is also named as macro-environment. The name Macro-environment is because the fluctuations that occur in this environment, will have an effect that go beyond the limits of the firms and industries. The below figure shows the connection between competitive and general environment of a firm as per Henry (2008): REMOTE OR GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: Remote environment can be also called as General environment and macro environment. Macro factors are generally more uncontrollable whereas micro environment factors are controllable as compared to macro factors. When macro factors become unmanageable the success of the business relies on the flexibility of the business to the changing environment. According to Hill and Jones,(2009), Macro-environmental factors sometimes influence the nation as a whole . Explained below are some of the macro environment factors. Economic Environment: The sum total of the nature of economic system of the country, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc is referred as Economic environment. Success of a business man depends on visualizing the outside factors influencing business, foreseeing changes that may occur in market conditions and making maximum return on minimum investment considering these outside or external factors. Social Environment: The value system of the society, which has an influence on the running of the business, is determined by the social dimension or environment of that Nation. Sociological elements that have an extensive impact on the business are costs structure, customs and conventions, mobility of labour etc. Work culture and mobility of labour, work groups etc are determined by the above factors. Political Environment: Political organizations including philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, character and level of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc are influenced by the political environment of a country. The business, to a great extent, is affected by the political environment of a Nation Legal Environment: Legal environment comprises flexibility and malleability of law and other legal rules governing the business. The exact rulings and decision of the courts might be included. These concern the business and its administrators to a great extent. Technical Environment: Development of technology in country has a great influence on the business. The variety and quality of goods and services to be produced and the nature, quality etc of plant and machinery to be used are determined by the technology opted by the industry. Following are also affected by technical environment, the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT This means an environment in which competitions between organizations are high. A minute change in customers and competitors affects competitive plan of organization. It includes inventions of new products by competitors, developing new channels of distribution and emergence of new customer value. So competitive environment is closely related to the firm than the general environment.(Dobson et.al. 2004). Problems or opportunities resulting from variation in the competitive environment and in customer necessities are recognized by competitive environment analysis. Based on sound analysis, this procedure should be seen as dynamic, resourceful, and opportunity-focused. Thus two main areas that needs to be focused in this: Customer analysis Customer analysis at the business entity level involves building a complete understanding of customers, their needs and wants, and how these changes within a given market (market segmentation). Moreover, importance must be given to these changing needs, how is it occurring and what an organization should do to bring in change to the marketplace. Growth comes not by duplicating the competitors but by introducing creative and innovative strategy with flexibility, keeping in mind the changes that may occur in future to market conditions. Like any analysis, it is also done to identify the innovative strategies or plans that will create value for the business. Competitor analysis This analysis is undertaken at the business-unit level. With specific competitors, we assume that the unit in question is engaged in oligopolistic competition in which the market is dominated by small number of sellers. In a perfect competition there is no purpose of this analysis .While conducting competitor analysis, we have to follow certain defined procedure. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Firms collect information to take decisions regarding current running of business and for future decision making through a combined calculation of internal and external Environments. Elements that compose general environment in a wider society influence the industry and the firms in that industry. These are classified into six environmental segments: demographic, economic, political/legal, socio-cultural, technological, and global. A firm does not have a direct control over the general environments segments and elements. For making appropriate decisions and plans, successful companies collects amounts of data and information so that they can identify or understand each segment and implications to be done. Competitor analysis refers to the way or method in which how companies collect and interpret information about their competitors. Understanding the firms competitor environment complements the insights provided by studying the general environment helps identifying in the firms competitor environment. Strategic intent, strategic mission, and strategic actions of a firm are developed as a result of the three analysis that are done to identify the outside environment. General environment analysis is focused on the future on the other hand analyses of competitors are focused on forecasting the dynamics of competitors actions, responses, and plans. Although we discuss each analysis separately, if we integrate the information gained from both the two analysis, performance of the firm is improved to a great extent.

Folk Tales :: essays research papers

When you where a kid did your parents ever tell you stories about your culture or about your family’s values? Chances are they where telling you a folk tale. Folk tales are stories passed down usually by word of mouth but often they are written down. Folk tales teach a valuable life lesson while entertaining the reader or in some cases the listener. This essay will give examples of three folk tales and go into depth on how they teach lessons and still remain entertaining for children and even adults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of the three folk tales I will be discussing is titled The Sheep of San Cristobal, in which a young woman named Filipa looses her only son. She makes ends meet by growing beans and selling them to the local townspeople, who are very sympathetic to Filipa. When a rich sheep herder named Don Jose starts harassing Filipa because she refuses to marry him She wishes for him to fall off a cliff and break his neck, when her wish comes true she feels very guilty and makes penance by giving away all of Don Jose’s sheep to those poor enough to deserve them. At the end of her penance she finds her son. This story tells allot about Spanish Culture and shows how religious the people are. The second folk tale is titled From things fall apart. It is a story of a greedy manipulative turtle who tricks a flock of birds out of their feast in the sky, but he soon learns his lesson when the birds take away their feathers and he is forced to jump back to earth thus shattering his smooth shell. This story shows that this culture believes that if you do bad things you will eventually get what is coming to you.The third folk tale is called In the Land of the Small Dragon. This story has many similarities with Cinderella. It is the story of a beautiful young girl named Tam who’s beauty reflects her inner kindness and innocence. Her half-sister Cam is ugly, which reflects her bitter, jealous, and lazy personality. Tams stepmother treats her like a slave and lets Cam do whatever she wants. Later in the story Tam is given new clothes and a pair of crystal shoes by some animals. A bird takes on of the shoes and delivers in to the emperors son, who is inspired to find the owner of the shoe and marry her.

Case Vignettes in Acid-Base Balance Essay

A 14-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has complained of an increased cough productive of green sputum over the last week. She also complained of being increasingly short of breath, and she is noticeably wheezing on physical examination. Arterial blood was drawn and sampled, revealing the following values: Questions: 1. How would you classify this girl’s acid-base status? 2. How does cystic fibrosis cause this acid-base imbalance? 3. How would the kidneys try to compensate for the girl’s acid-base imbalance? 4. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #2: A 76-year-old man complained to his wife of severe sub-sternal chest pains that radiated down the inside of his left arm. Shortly afterward, he collapsed on the living room floor. Paramedics arriving at his house just minutes later found him unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. CPR and electroconvulsive shock were required to start his heart beating again. Upon arrival at the Emergency Room, the man started to regain consciousness, complaining of severe shortness of breath (dyspnea) and continued chest pain. On physical examination, his vital signs were as follows: Systemic blood 85 mm Hg / 50 mm pressure Hg Heart rate 175 beats / minute Respiratory rate 32 breaths / minute Temperature 99.2o F His breathing was labored, his pulses were rapid and weak everywhere, and his skin was cold and clammy. An ECG was done, revealing significant â€Å"Q† waves in most of the leads. Blood testing revealed markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels of cardiac muscle origin. Arterial blood was sampled and revealed the following: pH 7.22 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 70 mm Hg Hemoglobin – O2 saturation 88 % [HCO3-] 2 meq / liter Questions: 5. What is the diagnosis? What evidence supports your diagnosis? 6. How would you classify his acid-base status? What specifically caused this acidbase disturbance? 7. How has his body started to compensate for this acid-base disturbance? 8. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance. Vignette #3: An elderly gentleman is in a coma after suffering a severe stroke. He is in the intensive care unit and has been placed on a ventilator. Arterial blood gas measurements from the patient reveal the following: pH 7.50 pCO2 30 mm Hg pO2 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin – O2 saturation 98% [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Questions: 9. How would you classify this patient’s acid-base status? 10. How does this patient’s hyperventilation pattern raise the pH of the blood? 11. How might the kidneys respond to this acid-base disturbance? 12. List some other causes of this type of acid-base disturbance.

The importance of the illustration to the meaning/interpretation of the poem

The illustration shows two distinct characters – a child and a man. The child is the representation of innocence while the man is for experience. Significantly, the background of trees and herd sheep brings the viewer to a deeper meaning that is within. The existence of the illustration enables us to visualize what William Blake wants us to see, know, and achieve by opening our minds to what has become of the world (his world at his time) from what it is supposed to be.Amongst our senses, vision could be the primary and perhaps the summary for whatever we touch, hear, read, and feel, we need to visualize them far beyond what our human eyes plainly see. The visualization of the â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience† through the illustration draws larger and multiple interpretations amidst the variations in the arts’ coloring and legibility which major role could be the enhancement and clarity of the core subject of the piece – human being, both in drawing and words – human being. 2. â€Å"Tintern Abbey†It is evident in the poem how Wordsworth illustrated nature and used it to present and depict movement and development of his work. He used it to transcend dull feelings to ethereal ones. Nature mirrors beauty – a call for transcendence that we are supposed to see amidst human chaos and emptiness, both within ourselves and within society. The poem opens with the line â€Å"five years have past†¦ â€Å", and goes on to the description of a beautiful landscape that is always impressive and amazingly beautiful, highly personifying nature (These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs, With a soft inland murmur.— Once again.. ), and vividly describing natures cycle yet unchanged beauty. The repetition of â€Å"Once again† leads to the persona's frequency of viewing nature and brings us the consistency of nature's beauty amidst time and space, where he/she highly recognized, recollected, and fo und solace. Unceasingly, the beauty of nature is hailed, and its role to our lives not just being the primary source of our survival through provision of our needs but also what nature is amidst material provision.The naked truth behind its existence – learn from nature as it transcends us to a state of joy and fulfillment. The persona recognized nature as: â€Å"anchor of purest thoughts, , nurse, guide, guardian of the heart, and soul of moral being†. In so doing, the poem implicitly reminds us not to exploit nature. How are we suppose to relate with nature is also foreshadowed. Nature, in the last stanza is personified as friend and a sister. It is highlighted as well, that â€Å"it never betrays as heart that loved it, which brings us to the golden rule.Lastly, it relates to us the intimate relationship of the persona to nature and how nature is recognized, praised, and loved by him that beyond human wanderings, loneliness, and emptiness, consolation, companionshi p, and love is laid bare to us by nature. The answer to the universal longing for peace and joy is nature. Nature transcends us to spiritual satisfaction. 3. â€Å"Kubla Khan† â€Å"Kubla Khan† is Coleridge attack against sexual abuse by man of power.His use of sound, rhythm, sound, imagery, language, and rhetorical effects to achieve unity and singularity of theme â€Å"war: warrior and victim† which is drawn and placed to a metaphorical meaning elevates his work and reveals his style. The poem opens with the description of a supposed kingdom and a man which holds on a deeper meaning beyond superficial or denotative meaning. His distinctive pairing of words in ‘sinuous rills, sunless sea’ draws the reader to a more sophisticated unelaborated meaning. The line â€Å"mighty fountain momently was forced† depicts the beginning of sexual intercourse.All through, beginning from the title, to the combination of the sounds of war (from a mans vantag e point and the lonely music of the woman (victim), a more meaningful work is created – a record of a sexual abuse established implicitly that beneath his grandeur and might is an abusive and dangerous man. 4. â€Å"In ‘Ode to the West Wind’ and in ‘To a Skylark† Shelley searches in the physical world for reassuring analogies to substantiate his belief that regeneration follows destruction, that alteration does not mean obliteration, and that mankind should heed the prophetic voice of poets.† The introduction of a season in the â€Å"Ode to the Wes Wind† depicts a cycle of generation and regeneration. Shelley’s belief that regeneration follows destruction is evidently seen in the whole poem – in the sequence of the seasons, after winter comes spring. In the third stanza, the persona visualizes old palaces and towers overgrown with azure moss, and flowers. Through time, it has been altered yet remained sweet – a clear evidence that alteration does not mean obliteration.In the last stanza, the persona calls on the west wind to scatter the poets words, which could be a defense to poetry, to mankind depicting poets work as prophetic in effect timeless and awaken mankind’s mind 5. â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†: A search for a reconciliation of the world’s loveliness and its evanescence, its pain with its pleasure. â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty† – that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know† – with this line the five-stanza ‘Ode the Grecian Urn† emphatically ends, which draws several interpretation from different literary scholars.It summarizes the message of the author, an answer to the multiple â€Å"what- questions† in the first stanza. The work, while it presents duality and separation, or perhaps defiance of what is expected depicted in the lines: â€Å"Heard melodies are swee t, but those unheard are sweeter†¦ Bad lovers never, never canst thou kiss†, it challenges us to find reconciliations between opposites/dualities that would sum up to the world’s loneliness and its evanescence, where every silence is a sound (second stanza), and along happiness comes sorrow (third stanza).While the first stanza is deeply concern with â€Å"what† to mean what are our lives for whichever walk is followed, the last stanza answers it. The answer to that search for a reconciliation of the world’s loveliness and its evanescence is embodied in the line â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty†¦, which is to solely recognize that life is beautiful, that duality and opposition is real and is embodied in the same beauty however all has an end and we are but temporal beings – the only answer as to how we all should live.â€Å"Ode to the Nightingale† is a heavy depiction of pain evident throughout the poem and crowding in the first three stanzas. Amidst pain, is the search for pleasure and for love beyond â€Å"to-morrow† pointing what is beyond time and space. To fly or soar high like that of the nightingale and not to dwell and be consumed and drowned in pain could be the answer. Source: It is indicated in the instructions of this paper that own analysis and interpretation is encouraged. www. blakearchive. org/blake

Free Essays on Terorist Of The Net

and tap into all sorts of files. (www.computerworld.com) From the Pentagon: Democratic and Republicans; Israelites and the Palestinians; as well as emails and personal websites, satellites, or lockers; hackers are using their special skills to terrorize and exploit. In order to do this; a hacker needs to tap into another machine that has the files. The only way for a hacker to tap into another machine, is for the machine to have an outside line. Every single machine that has an outside line either has an IP (Internet Protocol) address, adapter address, or a simple phone number that can be located and dialed to gain access. Once a hacker is inside that machine they are able to do what ever they want with it, as if they were actually there. To a real hacker, the whole point of hacking into another machine is to gain certain information. The pioneers of hacking were out to expose the world to government cover-ups to find the real truth. In order to tap into that machine there a re loopholes in the programs, or programs that can create loop holes, such programs as decoders, rippers, and crackers. In order to regain control of the Internet we need to find a way to protect our own personal computers. Through certain software, hardware, and surveillance the Internet may become more protected and secured to its users. Software, series of instructions that tells your computer how to perform, is one way to protect your computer from... Free Essays on Terorist Of The Net Free Essays on Terorist Of The Net Numerous amounts of files are becoming terrorized as hackers all over the world log onto the Internet. It’s getting worse as the new generation of hackers in their teens along with everyone preceding them. . Over 160,000 times a year the pentagon computers are broken in as suppose to keeping out only 35% of all that have tried. The pentagon being the first to own a network can’t even protect it’s own files. The underground net is where many people are able to get software to help crack passwords and tap into all sorts of files. (www.computerworld.com) From the Pentagon: Democratic and Republicans; Israelites and the Palestinians; as well as emails and personal websites, satellites, or lockers; hackers are using their special skills to terrorize and exploit. In order to do this; a hacker needs to tap into another machine that has the files. The only way for a hacker to tap into another machine, is for the machine to have an outside line. Every single machi ne that has an outside line either has an IP (Internet Protocol) address, adapter address, or a simple phone number that can be located and dialed to gain access. Once a hacker is inside that machine they are able to do what ever they want with it, as if they were actually there. To a real hacker, the whole point of hacking into another machine is to gain certain information. The pioneers of hacking were out to expose the world to government cover-ups to find the real truth. In order to tap into that machine there are loopholes in the programs, or programs that can create loop holes, such programs as decoders, rippers, and crackers. In order to regain control of the Internet we need to find a way to protect our own personal computers. Through certain software, hardware, and surveillance the Internet may become more protected and secured to its users. Software, series of instructions that tells your computer how to perform, is one way to protect your computer from...

Free Essays on Midsummer Nights Dream

M.S.N.D essay Is the last scene necessary? In A Midsummer Night’s Dream there are 5 acts, even though it is not really necessary to have the last act due to the fact that a good amount of the action ends at the final scene of act 4. You may argue that it is not necessary, but in act 5 it is when the so-called, â€Å"Great actors†, take the stage and present their hard work in the play Thisbe & Pyramus to the king. Throughout the play, the play crew practiced and practiced for the big great play. Even though the play was mostly about the love triangle that was going on between Hermia, Helena, Demetrius, and Lysander, it would have only been fair to the actors to present their play to the king. So in a way the last act was necessary. Almost one-half of the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, was the play, Thisbe & Pyramus. Nick Bottom and Peter Quince were the leaders of the play and throughout the play Nick Bottom was made fun of, and that added to the comedic element of the play. Next, Shakespeare writes a play within a play once again. He also did that in Taming of the Shrew. The way he added the play within a play was by adding the Thisbe therefore it is not used as often anymore. But Shakespeare has such incredible talent, that he is able to incorporate it and still make sense of the play. To conclude this informational essay, the last act, which would be act 5, is necessary because it shows how the actors performed their play Thisbe & Pyramus. Without it, the play would not be as humorous, for the reason that Shakespeare mocks Nick Bottom and that adds humor to the comedy. Finally, Shakespeare wrote a play within a play which is incredible and genius.... Free Essays on Midsummer Nights Dream Free Essays on Midsummer Nights Dream M.S.N.D essay Is the last scene necessary? In A Midsummer Night’s Dream there are 5 acts, even though it is not really necessary to have the last act due to the fact that a good amount of the action ends at the final scene of act 4. You may argue that it is not necessary, but in act 5 it is when the so-called, â€Å"Great actors†, take the stage and present their hard work in the play Thisbe & Pyramus to the king. Throughout the play, the play crew practiced and practiced for the big great play. Even though the play was mostly about the love triangle that was going on between Hermia, Helena, Demetrius, and Lysander, it would have only been fair to the actors to present their play to the king. So in a way the last act was necessary. Almost one-half of the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, was the play, Thisbe & Pyramus. Nick Bottom and Peter Quince were the leaders of the play and throughout the play Nick Bottom was made fun of, and that added to the comedic element of the play. Next, Shakespeare writes a play within a play once again. He also did that in Taming of the Shrew. The way he added the play within a play was by adding the Thisbe therefore it is not used as often anymore. But Shakespeare has such incredible talent, that he is able to incorporate it and still make sense of the play. To conclude this informational essay, the last act, which would be act 5, is necessary because it shows how the actors performed their play Thisbe & Pyramus. Without it, the play would not be as humorous, for the reason that Shakespeare mocks Nick Bottom and that adds humor to the comedy. Finally, Shakespeare wrote a play within a play which is incredible and genius....

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is one of the main features of urban area, which is always considered by urban planners. This issue has become as one of the major bases of urban development policy in Iran within the past recent years and been emphasized through the framework of several urban development plans. Therefore, a fundamental view in this regard is mandatory. The most important achievement of the current century in the field of urban development is considering citizens rights and qualitative aspects in this regard. Non-professional interference such as selling excessive FAR and uncontrolled and unplanned developments, especially for housing purposes in most major cities without considering the variability and difference of urban lands and merely for achieve earning for municipality and profitability of a limited group of investors have occurred, which resulted in a decrease in urban environment quality and lack of sustainability in the field of security, health and comfort of citizen s in environmental fields. Whereas effect of tall buildings on urban area and citizens in terms of physical, economic, social, urban development, etc. is undeniable, therefore, special focus on urban development laws is required. The purpose of this study includes recognizing effecting urban laws relating to FAR and controlling urban development through examining laws on FAR and tall building construction in some sample countries across the Globe, to identify variable and suitable solutions using global experiences. Eventually, through studying Tehran and New York, as two modern cities with roughly similar conditions and comparing the laws and manner to face issues of urban development and FAR, we understand the level of success of each in this regard and what are more suitable solutions. Study method in this article is combined, in a way that using research method and documented and library base studies, the relevant information is collected and further examined using quantitative and qualitative method. Introduction Almost all developed and developing countries face serious problems due to rapid and vertical growth of cities during the recent decades. The issues of this phenomenon not only extensively affected urban development policies, but also its consequences played a major role in economic, social, political, managerial and environmental issues of the societies. Concerns on this phenomenon caused that the developed countries, especially upon WWII, take certain measures to solve or control this crisis. The main bases of these measures include policies on tall building construction, mass development, changing taxation laws, enactment of land laws for optimized usage, improvement and renovation of old and central urban areas, plan on preparing lands of new locations, developing new cities, and above all, policy on increasing population density and FAR of cities. Through reviewing many of these polices, the undeniable role of FAR component in forming and physical aspect and form of the city may be perceived. In these plans, FAR is determined considering population expected for the plan horizon and urban development and urban region policies as well as considering environmental capacities, services and infra-structural urban installations and social, economic, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, focusing the important role of housing in the city and urban planning, focusing position of FAR in projects, its role and importance in urban area organization and factors and criteria affecting the same and legal discussion in this regard are essential. Various existing limitations in a city results in limitations to admitting population for that city and its suburbs, while due to the same reason, the regulations on level of permitted construction in urban development plans is known and therefore, the owners are prohibited to construct excessive building considering their construction permits. Study Purpose Identifying factors affecting FAR Clarifying FAR concept as urban development tool for housing projects Study Questions What are the effective criteria to determine FAR? Can the criteria effective in modern urban design be achieved through considering common legal aspects of FAR in the studied countries? Study Method Whereas this article is of analytical, quantitative and qualitative nature and collecting data has been fulfilled through research method and documented and library studies, which have further been studied, therefore, the study method in this article is of combined type. Position of FAR in Urban Development Fundamentals: In general, the concept of density in the urban planning literature in the context of land use planning under the category of zoning regulations is the subject dealt with the spatial distribution of elements, functions and activities in urban areas. (Flame, Urban Management Quarterly, 2008, p. 36). Concentration in urban design also has a great effect on all three aspects of the artifact environment, its function, its form and meaning. This effect is achieved through the level of user activity in the functional dimension, and the methods for controlling the volume, height and spacing of buildings, in the dimension of the form through the dimensions of performance and in the semantic dimension and artifact environment. Height: The height of buildings as one of the contiguous variables on FAR is one of the most important factors in organizing urban landscape. This criterion, in proportion to the number of building floors, is a more precise control tool that should be designed with regard to adjacent buildings and street features. The impact of building height on creating a sense of space enclosure is significant. The sense of being enclosed in space is essentially based on the relation between the eye distance from the height of the enclosing body of space. Building Mass and Volume: This is one of the other criteria controlling FAR, which plays an important role in urban form and view. This criterion focuses controlling volume and distribution of superstructure on ground area. Scale: It is one of the other variables dependent on density, which is a complex, multi-faceted and relative measure. So that it can be a mixture of the main criteria such as mass and volume, height, gradient etc. In this way, the effects of building density on the physical dimension are more pronounced. Disturbance in physical spaces and urban form and landscape is one of the negative consequences of increasing construction density. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) This is the ratio of the total infrastructure construction of a fragment to the total area of that piece. (Zo Eshtyagh, 1998.4) The index of construction density is shown as a percentage. The effects of increasing the density on the urban form include spatial skew, a cultural organization, mass and space. The effects of increasing density on urban landscape are as follows: Height line, bonding of the walls, scale, granularity, hemisphericity of buildings. Therefore, if increased construction density, without comprehensive planning, can cause disturbances in the citys space and body. The formation of the physical composition of urban bodies, without consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects, will lead to the creation of discrete and unconnected urban areas and disparate and disproportionate towers. This is clearly visible in housing projects. Factors effective in Categorization Determine the density in each area according to its type of operation Determine the amount of land needed for important urban functions such as trade, industry, residential sector and other urban activities (Shokouti, 1994, p. 343) The height of buildings, the dimensions of segments, the street width, the supply area and the number of buildings in each building The location and capacity of the lines of installations and main streets (Zyari, 2009, p. 67) The theory of determinism (ecology) of the city, considering its size and population density and high buildings, causes the mental and emotional disturbances of the citizens, which in turn undermine social relations, Superficial, apparent, and so on. But combinators claim that ecological factors do not play an effective role in social relationships, and that differences in social behavior of individuals derive from their own characteristics and characteristics. Sub-cultural theory synthesizes two earlier theories that are more consistent with the reality of urban life. The existence of complications from various subcultures under conditions of consolidation can have the same strong links and sincere connections in urban areas and, in some cases, an abnormal phenomenon. In high-rise buildings, in addition to the effects of ecological factors, non-ecological issues also play a major role. In addition to numerous global experiences, research conducted in Iran, mainly composed of academ ic work.

Business Continuity and Crisis Management Essay

Business Continuity and Crisis Management - Essay Example In the course of providing services to their customers there exists a probability of certain disruptions that might impact them to such an extent that they might not be able to serve their customers. It is for this reason that organisations undertake functions for prevention of disruptions, try to stay prepared, undertake risk management, crisis management, recovery processes and emergency responses. They also decide on processes that can ensure speedy resumption of business and manage resources for this purpose based on their understanding of their business environment. These functions serve as the organisation’s protection from future predicaments. Efficiency and effectiveness is achieved through the integration of these functions (Shaw, n.d.). There are several factors that affect business continuity namely networking reliability, data availability, scalability and availability of operating systems, application availability and reliability of server hardware. It is imperati ve for a business to continuously operate, ensure data availability at all times and display agility in accessing the data. The advancement in information technology has made it necessary to achieve business continuity on the basis of ‘continuous computing’ technologies. This is the reason that Business Continuity Management (BCM) and Crisis Management has become an integral part of the information system of an organisation (Nijaz & Moon, 2009). Most businesses do not prepare for unexpected breakdowns in advance or even if they plan, it is often outdated. Good continuity is reflected through advance planning thereby paying attention to minute nuances so that when an emergency situation arises then there is no reason to panic. Most organisation lack this kind of detailed planning as they tend to concentrate only on Information Technology (IT) and carry out too much of business analysis. Planning and simplicity in BCM ensures acceptable service levels for key processes in the business. BCM involves preplanning and coming up with alternative solutions. BCM is essential for the long term survival of the business (Hotchkiss, 2010). What is BCM? In the words of Shaw and Harrold, business crisis and continuity management can be defined as â€Å"the business management practices that provide the focus and guidance for the decisions and actions necessary for a business to prevent, prepare for, respond to, resume, recover, restore and transition from a disruptive (crisis) event in a manner consistent with its strategic objectives† (Shaw, n.d.). BCM entails maintaining and developing a total plan for business continuity which ensures the business’ survival in case any disruption occurs. BCM involves development of plans based on the analysis of business impact, plan execution and regularly updating the plan to discover new risks, threats and business situations (Hotchkiss, 2010). BCM involves evaluating and understanding the risks faced by the company, assessing the impact of an unexpected situation on the organisation and accordingly making decisions regarding the extent to which the organisation should prepare for an unforeseen crisis situation (Matthys, 2010). Critical Appraisal of Drivers of BCM Every organisation in today’s world needs to bring about strategic changes in response to the changes occurring in their economic environment. These changed are driven by various regulations namely government regulations and compliancy regulations.

Electronic Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Health - Research Paper Example E-Health provides services which let the doctors have an access to their patients’ data by maintaining their records and information about their diseases in databases and other e-Health tools, rather than using paper documents. They can assess the data, prepare prescriptions to be sent to the pharmacies via communication technology, get instant and accurate results from the laboratories directly, communicate with their patients on a regular basis no matter which part of the globe they live in, and give better suggestions regarding their health and lifestyle. On the other hand, the patients, here referred to as ePatients, can have access to doctors all around the world with the use of information and communication technology, telemedicine and e-Health systems, get diagnosis (known as remote diagnosis) and treatment regarding their diseases, and thus, remain better informed about their problems in particular and health care in general. There are a lot of e-Health forums, softwar e and web links on the internet which allow e-patients to communicate with their doctors and with other fellow patients as well. ... It has created a trustworthy doctor-patient relationship as e-Health systems ensure the patients’ privacy. It has also made it possible to achieve online education about healthcare through online sources. It provides tools, known as e-Health tools which facilitate health services like diagnosis and treatment. These include electronic databases, mobile monitors, health portals, and many more. E-Health is also cost-effective as money is not spent on staffing and traveling resources. The European Union (EU) is the leader in the development of e-Health systems and tools. According to a rough estimate, EU has spent almost â‚ ¬500 million of research funding on e-Health since 1990 (Europa). Unfortunately, there are a lot of people out there who do not have access to computer and internet, or they have less knowledge about technological advances, and thus they cannot benefit from the services of e-Health, despite the fact that such people are the most deserving of getting proper h ealthcare. In short, E-Health not only acts as a platform where the health care providers, authorities and hospitals can work closer to each other, but also acts as a medium between the doctors and patients- a medium that is just in accordance with the latest technology and the modern era. E-Health is not merely a big step in the new technology, it is also â€Å"a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve health care locally, regionally, and worldwide by using information and communication technology† (Eysenbach). Table 1 summarizes the advantages of e-Health described so far. Why the issue is important to me? The issue of e-Health is important to me because it can

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Immigration - Essay Example The failure to successfully integrate the Asian culture values and norms in the American culture is ostensible through their education and the accounts of Asian American writers, who relate the hardships Asian students face in schools because of their ethnicities in an Asian American journal called â€Å"Burning Cane† (Lowe, 1996, p. 53). Lowe cites the story by Monique Thuy-Dung Truong that tells the story of a Vietnamese-American woman in a predominantly white school. She feels overwhelmed by the vast majority of white population in her school. Her feelings of isolation were further deepened by her nationalistic history teacher, Mrs. Hammerick, who constantly made her feel like â€Å"she was telling all the boys that her first name of Pearl and her last name was Harbor†. (Lowe, 1996, p. 55) Truong’s story highlights how the teacher particularly left her feeling isolated around the boys in class, as she indoctrinated them with her nationalist and bigoted ideology and forewarned them from developing any ties with her. The feelings of being ostracized were indeed painful but the narrator was able to find long-lasting friendship in outcasts like her, Kelly and Michelle. However, it was not race that had set them apart but Kelly’s weight and Michelle’s poverty. Truong’s story creates a contrast between the various ways the society has now been divided. In the midst of this social turmoil, the girls develop a unique bond that is created as a result of their empathy for one another; even though their struggles were different, but they were able to cross the boundaries of race, physical appearance and socioeconomic class. While Truong’s protagonist was reduced to a status of an enemy in the eyes of her peers, another story by Patrick Leong in the Burning cane describes the struggles of a Chinese-Mexican in America, who is torn

Progression in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Progression in History - Essay Example We have almost everything at the tip of fingers. The use of science and technology has created doors for us to discover a lot of things, like in the field of investigation wherein we now have advanced tools that can recreate bullet impacts or match DNA just from a single hair strand or even just a small piece of skin. Digital imaging help recreate faces from the skulls buried long ago and excavated days ago. We have gone a long way in terms of science and technology but have we progressed or have we just adapted to the times? Through this paper, I seek to deliberate whether there is human progression or just adaptation. The different periods in time, from the Old Age to the Modern era, shows us that humans are pursuing different areas of development. We have expansion, arts and culture, science and technology and even political dominion. The different periods in time give us a glimpse on how human life has moved from one dimension to another. So is there progress or do we regress fro m time to time that’s why we look back at history and rediscover things? The Machiavellian notion of human progress is associated with the fixed human nature, that human nature is geared towards change and development because of desire and ambition (Gutfreund, 208). With this, Machiavelli sees progress as a goal, an end result that moves towards man’s ambition and desire to become better and more powerful. This indicates that human progress is not fixed rather than an effect of the human fixed on it nature (Lemon, 105). For Machiavelli, there is no real progress in human history, rather, there is a continuous experience, by which, we learn, grow, and move towards our ambition and desire. There is no such thing as meaning in history, only learning, as human experiences are guided by human nature, a clear statement that indicates that progress is non-existent and what humans experience are their natural-born instincts. This is partly what I personally believe as human pr ogress. That it is associated with human nature. But I don’t agree with Machiavelli that human nature is fixed and unchanging towards desire and ambition. Because of experience and learning, humans develop, mature and change. For me, progress means to change for the better. It means development and improvement. But it is more than that, progress is a combination of stability, change and growth. With this, I agree with Luther’s notion of progress and its relation to a struggle. For Luther, progress is a goal towards justice, by which humans need to sacrifice and to suffer before being able to reach it (Paulson, 90). Luther’s progress is a goal towards justice and equality. His progress is idealistic. With this, it contradicts with my belief that progress is associated with human nature. Human nature is not idealistic. It has flaws, that’s why humans need to look back and understand the past and use these learnings in order to move towards progression. But human’s are not perfect and ideal, that’s why we always regress to old habits and make the same mistakes. Progress, then, is a continuous struggle, but not to Luther’s goal of justice and equality, but to human’s desire to become better. Bacon’s belief in the notion of progress created an idea that technological advancement is associated to progress (Attar, 70). For him, science and technology are the means to control nature, that humans can

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example Based on this research in the international perspective, human resource managers are required to understand the desires of the diverse cultures in the workplace. It is important to understand that different people have different talents which can form a strong workforce when utilized to the maximum. The managers have a difficult and essential task of managing diverse characteristics such as gender and racial differences. Political and economic aspects of the host nation are significant in the success of human resource management. Religious beliefs are also diverse and human resource practices may be affected by social aspects in the operating environment. Managers therefore have to be highly capable and informed individuals to cope with the demands of the workforce thereby maintaining effective employment relations. Hofstede defines culture as the values and beliefs that add up to the unique socio-psychological setting of a community. It represents how members of a particular society behave and relate to each other in their day to day activities as well as how the community as a unit relates to the external environment. Cultural issues are of major concern in successful human resource practices. The attitudes of employees in regard to the organizational operations are significant in promoting good relations between the employees and the managers. They largely depend on the cultural background of the population from which the employees are drawn. Australians have an individualistic culture rather than collective action and teamwork. This implies that teamwork may not increase labor productivity for an organization operating in the country (Brewster et al. 2004). Adler (2002) argues that cultural differences affect the manner in which people relate with each other and it is not different in the workplace. On the other hand, cultural diversity is a critical issue that may affect the success of human resource practices as the different cultures make efforts to esta blish self identity. When one culture is esteemed than others in the workplace, workplace relations deteriorate. For example, Indigenous Australians contribute 92% of the workforce, Asians 7% while Aboriginals are merely 1% of the country’s workforce (Walker & Hamilton, 2011). There is therefore a tendency to uphold the original culture in the workplace while compelling the minority cultures to adapt to the mainstream culture. This predisposition may lower the morale of employees belonging to the minority cultures. However, strategic human resource practices call for organizations to appreciate both the mainstream and minority cultures in their operations (Scullion & Lineham, 2005). Political Aspects The Australian government plays a significant influence on human resource practices and is recognized by many employers in their employment relations. The labour law has a strong influence on employment contracts and the behaviour of employers in regards to their relationship wit h employees. The government, being the sole institution mandated to develop employment laws, has the capacity to determine how the

An investigation into operations management issues within the Essay

An investigation into operations management issues within the hospitality industry - Essay Example With improved productivity and operations, the cost decreases and quality is improved. Since the above mentioned activities are integrated with each other closely in a operations chain, it I important for any company to control and manage these activities to boost its performance and profits. This article will concentrate upon the productivity improvement concerns for a restaurant  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Good Foods Restaurant. Aim The various productivity concerns that the company faces in its daily operations and how these operations can be optimized to increase the production efficiency will the topic of study of this paper. Methodology    The preferred methodology in this case was to study a number of case studies in the hospitality sector that implement any kind of production improvement techniques and then study their previous conditions and the results after the recommendations were executed. Also other forms of literature available from books, online were studied. Company Introduction T he company is involved in the restaurant business to its customers across 17 outlets. Good Foods has been known in the market for its consistent quality of the food being served and a strong focus upon the business. With several dishes being served to its customers, and also catered in some cases, on a regular basis, the company has received the constant positive reviews from its clients. The hotel company was formed in the year 1975 and has built a strong tradition of hard work and faith. The hotel specializes mainly in the sauces, soups and flavor bases that are also marketed under a number of brand names by the hotel company. With more than 3 production units in the region, Good Foods Ltd. is trying hard to make higher margin profits for itself. In the food sector and hospitality service industry, it  is important that in order to remain competitive, Good Foods maintain efficient operations in production and marketing. At present the company own three plants which are not being operated in a desired optimized manner. Therefore, to achieve targets, the company decided to implement some operations management techniques to improve productivity and its hospitality services.    Current Production Phases  Ã‚      The operational methods that are being used by Good Foods to manufacture products that are marketed by the company are quite complex in nature and comprise of a number of multifaceted operations that are spread across the 3 production units. The initial phases that are a part of this operational chain at Good Food are the detailed  scheduling which is done by the management to decrease the down time for each of the three production units. The production scheduling is done manually by the company managers. The production scheduling phase is followed by the resource planning and procurement phase in which the managers decide the quality, quantity of resources that are to be allocated to each line and at what time. The quantity, quality and time o f resource procurement are very important at this point in order to maintain a steady flow of production and product quality. At many instances, the managers noticed that since the resources need to be often shared at many points and levels in the production chain, there existed some sharing concerns. There were variability and waste concerns that were pointed out by the managers. The last step of the production line consisted of cleaning and preparing the line for a new batch of production. It is to be noted here that due to the

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example Based on this research in the international perspective, human resource managers are required to understand the desires of the diverse cultures in the workplace. It is important to understand that different people have different talents which can form a strong workforce when utilized to the maximum. The managers have a difficult and essential task of managing diverse characteristics such as gender and racial differences. Political and economic aspects of the host nation are significant in the success of human resource management. Religious beliefs are also diverse and human resource practices may be affected by social aspects in the operating environment. Managers therefore have to be highly capable and informed individuals to cope with the demands of the workforce thereby maintaining effective employment relations. Hofstede defines culture as the values and beliefs that add up to the unique socio-psychological setting of a community. It represents how members of a particular society behave and relate to each other in their day to day activities as well as how the community as a unit relates to the external environment. Cultural issues are of major concern in successful human resource practices. The attitudes of employees in regard to the organizational operations are significant in promoting good relations between the employees and the managers. They largely depend on the cultural background of the population from which the employees are drawn. Australians have an individualistic culture rather than collective action and teamwork. This implies that teamwork may not increase labor productivity for an organization operating in the country (Brewster et al. 2004). Adler (2002) argues that cultural differences affect the manner in which people relate with each other and it is not different in the workplace. On the other hand, cultural diversity is a critical issue that may affect the success of human resource practices as the different cultures make efforts to esta blish self identity. When one culture is esteemed than others in the workplace, workplace relations deteriorate. For example, Indigenous Australians contribute 92% of the workforce, Asians 7% while Aboriginals are merely 1% of the country’s workforce (Walker & Hamilton, 2011). There is therefore a tendency to uphold the original culture in the workplace while compelling the minority cultures to adapt to the mainstream culture. This predisposition may lower the morale of employees belonging to the minority cultures. However, strategic human resource practices call for organizations to appreciate both the mainstream and minority cultures in their operations (Scullion & Lineham, 2005). Political Aspects The Australian government plays a significant influence on human resource practices and is recognized by many employers in their employment relations. The labour law has a strong influence on employment contracts and the behaviour of employers in regards to their relationship wit h employees. The government, being the sole institution mandated to develop employment laws, has the capacity to determine how the

Memo of Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Memo of Marketing Strategy Essay Like water to fish, the basic reasons that determine the development of a company is called general environment, which includes: demographic reasons, cultural trends, economic climate, legal and political condition, specific international events, and technological change. General environment can be a threat or opportunity for companies, it depends on how deeply companies understand and make use of it. When companies can know the general environment they are facing, they will change their products and services in accordance with the culture they are facing. If companies do not understand the environment very well, they will lose a large sum of money. From my perspective, the three dimensions below are most vital. As for demographic reasons, it contains the attributes of individuals in terms of age, sex, marital status, income, ethnicity and other personal characteristics that may affect consuming patterns. In order to make money, knowing the demographic features of the areas are crucial. Since the new entrant Wall Street Deli is opening a few blocks away, it is necessary for us to keep our business information as a secret. Our advantage is that we have been in this area a long time, we know exactly what our customers’ attributes. Besides, economic climate has a remarkable influence on the business. American economy is in recession now, so Hometown Deli has to think of some ways to stimulate consuming. They can do some discounts like dinner specials or buy two and get one free. Next, the technology can be beneficial to firms but also creates threats, as technological changes force the restaurant to think of new technological strategies. When people are waiting in line, the restaurant can provide some services like upgrading customers’ electronic devices system. They can also provide some competitions for customers to play games in case they got bored. The Porter’s Five Forces Model indicates five most common threats faced by the firms in their local competitive environments. These are threat of entry, threat of rivalry, threat of buyers, threat of substitutes and threat of suppliers. Wall Street Deli is a threat of entry to Hometown Deli, the former may reduce the profits of the latter. In addition, when Hometown Deli cannot keep their competitive advantage and satisfy customers, Wall street Deli provides superior services, the former will lose as soon as possible. The rivalry influences Hometown Deli by fierce competitions and will reduce their profits. Plus, when the supplier Hometown Deli fails to satisfy buyers, customers will not consume and fire it. If the substitute Wall Street Deli offers approximately same or superior services and products than Hometown Deli, the former will not acquire their customers and profits. For Porter’s performance, Hometown Deli manages to use the cost of leadership strategy by gaining more market share in the price war. The firm sells their product either at average prices or lower prices than their rivals. They also use efficient distribution channels or mature services and products to make more profits. Another one is differentiation strategy. By creating unique products and services, the firms can attract more customers. They should be a leader of the scientific research, have a highly creative and skilled product development team, strong sales ability and influential reputation for innovation and quality. What is more, the strategy concentrates on achieving cost advantage and differentiation by developing their strengths and occupying narrow markets. By the way, it is not rational to exploit the three strategies at the same time, since no business can do everything well. Based on the markets and environment, firms should adopt different strategies. For Hometown Deli, it is essential to keep their recipe as a secret and provide same or even better services than they used to have.

Historiography Of The Civil Rights Movement

Historiography Of The Civil Rights Movement Who was the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) lawyer who successfully argued the NAACPs Brown v. Board of Education? Answer: Martin Luther King. Question: Name several people who were involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Answer: Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks. Question: Who was the first President of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)? Answer: Martin Luther King. Question: Who organized the famous March on Washington? Answer: Martin Luther King. Question: Who started the sit-in movement of the 1960s? Answer: Martin Luther King. (Armstrong 2002) Does the preceding list of questions and answers sound familiar? If you teach high school history, the answer is probably yes. However, this does not tell the whole story. In reality, Martin Luther King was just one member of the larger Civil Rights Movement sweeping the country. In order to illuminate the larger picture to our students, alternative strategies need to be considered. One such strategy is presented here. This lesson plan tackles the Civil Rights Movement from the perspective of nonviolent direct action. I am not arguing that King is not an important historical figure of the Civil Rights Movement, because he certainly is. The problem, however, is that since the early 1970s, the struggle for civil rights has been taught almost solely in relationship to King and his life. Students graduate from high school viewing the civil rights movement synonymously with Martin Luther King Jr. Such connections are understandable, if grossly uninformed. Students are denied the opportunity to immerse themselves in the complicated and varied histories of the civil rights movement. (Armstrong 2002) According to Armstrong, in the past, most high school history teachers relied on textbooks to help them convey the civil rights movement to their students. Unfortunately, the vast majority of textbooks present a narrative of the civil rights movement of King as the embodiment of the Civil Rights Movement. As a result, textbooks typically begin the movement in 1954 and 1955 with the Brown v. Board decision and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and end in 1968 with the assassination of King. (Armstrong 2002, 6) However, this is only a narrow view of what many historians consider a much longer struggle for racial civil rights. One way to open up this narrative is to provide students with access to primary documents. This lesson incorporates three primary documents one from each of the leading groups that advocated nonviolent action during the civil rights movement. This methodology not only presents students with alternative perspectives, but it also exposes students to a core tool used by historians. (Armstrong 2002) In any history course, whether it is second grade, high school, or graduate level, aspects of the story will be left out. History is a vast and ever-expanding field, and it is impossible to include everything in one course. However, by showing our students how to think and act like historians, we can give them the opportunity to explore these topics further in the future. National Standards The National Standards for United States History: Era 9 Postwar United States, Standard 4 requires students to understand the struggle for racial and gender equality and the extension of civil liberties. (National Center for History in the Schools 2005) Time This lesson should be divided into three class sessions of approximately one hour. Student Objectives To analyze primary source material. To analyze the role of nonviolent direct action in combating racism. To analyze the role of different organizations combating racism in the Civil Rights Movement. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Background Nonviolent Action According to Gene Sharp, Nonviolent action refers to those methods of protest, resistance and intervention without physical violence in which the members of the nonviolent group do or refuse to do certain things. (Sharp 1969) These methods can be divided into three basic groups: nonviolent protest, noncooperation, and nonviolent intervention. Each group contains different examples of nonviolent actions. Nonviolent protest includes such actions as parades, marches, and picketing. Noncooperation includes such actions as walkouts, strikes, and boycotts. And nonviolent intervention, the most militant forms of nonviolence typically refers to sit-ins. (Wirmark 1974) Each of these methods of nonviolent action was employed during the Civil Rights Movement. Three of the leading organizations which advocated the use of nonviolent action were the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) CORE was founded in 1943, and specialized in nonviolent action to combat racial discrimination. Its first focus was on sit-in demonstrations with the goal that public places, such as restaurants, would become desegregated. (Wirmark 1974) As the Civil Rights Movement evolved, so too did the goals of CORE, who began to sponsor freedom rides during the early 1960s. [See Figure 1] (Woodward 1966) From 1962-1964, CORE concentrated on voter registration drives throughout the South. It was also responsible for sponsoring direct action protests against unfair housing measures and other types of discrimination against African Americans in the North. Though all three organizations (CORE, SNCC, and SCLC) employed nonviolent techniques in their quest for equality, it was CORE who initiated the practice. (Meier and Rudwick 1973) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) On February 1, 1960, a group of young African American students were refused to be served in a coffee shop in North Carolina. In protest, the students sat in silence in the shop. This type of protest, known as a sit-in, rapidly spread throughout the country, bringing many young college students into the civil rights cause. [See Figure 2] (Woodward 1966) The SNCC, the youngest and most militant of the organized groups, came out of the sit-in movement. Students who had participated in sit-ins wanted to control student demonstrations, and thus founded the SNCC in 1960. (Wirmark 1974) By 1966, the SNCC had gained national attention with its use of the slogan Black Power. Some of the most important leaders of the SNCC were Bob Moses of Mississippi, Charles Sherrod of Georgia, and Bill Hansen of Arkansas. These men were most effective because they truly believed in the morality of their cause. They were courageous in the face of adversity and influenced others to not give up hope. (Stoper 1977) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) After the successful Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr. founded the SCLC to bring together the church leaders who had been organizing the boycott. [See Figure 3] Inspired by the actions of CORE, King wanted to apply nonviolent action on a large scale. (Wirmark 1974) Unlike the other two organizations, the SCLC acted as an umbrella organization. It brought together various civil rights groups across the South and the rest of the nation. It also differed from other civil rights groups because it was primarily made up of religious groups. Charles Morgan, a member of the SCLC board of directors said of the group, SCLC is not an organization, its a church. (Fairclough 1987, 1) King was certainly a significant force behind the SCLC, but its successes cannot be accredited solely to his larger-than-life personality. The SCLC was extremely effective in combating racial discrimination and segregation, and this was due partially to King, partially to its belief in a higher moral ca use, and partially to its commitment to nonviolent action. (Fairclough 1987) Procedures Day One Briefly discuss the main events of the Civil Rights Movement with students, providing them with a timeline for reference. Have students look up the definitions for segregation, non-violence, and direct action. Provide students with a background on different types of nonviolent direct action protests. Allow students to brainstorm ways to combat racism through nonviolent direct action. Day Two Provide students with a background on the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Divide the students into three groups and assign one organization to each group. Groups should make a short presentation to the class on the background and history of their assigned organization. Day Three Have students compare and contrast the three civil rights organizations in a 1-2 page in-class essay. Students should work individually, but allow them the opportunity to use reference materials, as well as discuss their questions with you. Discussion Questions How do you define segregation? Provide two different examples of racial segregation. What is nonviolence? Direct action? How can the two be used to combat racial segregation? What were the goals of CORE? Of SNCC? Of SCLC? Compare and contrast the three organizations. In what ways does studying them deviate from what you have learned about the civil rights movement in the past? Further Reading Armstrong, Julie Buckner. Teaching the American Civil Rights Movement: Freedoms Bittersweet Song. New York: Routledge, 2002. Carson, Clayborne. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Charismatic Leadership in a Mass Struggle. The Journal of American History, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Sep., 1987): 448-454. Fairclough, Adam. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1987. Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement 1942-1968. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. National Center for History in the Schools. History Standards for Grades 5-12 United States. National Standards for History Basic Edition. 2005. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/nchs/standards/ (accessed November 11, 2010). OBrien, Michael. Old Myths / New Insights: History and Dr. King. The History Teacher, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Nov. 1988): 49-65. Steinkraus, Warren E. Martin Luther Kings Personalism and Non-Violence. Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. Mar., 1973): 97 111. Stoper, Emily. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: Rise and Fall of a Redemptive Organization. Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1977: 13-34. Wirmark, Bo. Nonviolent Methods and the American Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965. Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 11. No. 2, 1974: 115-132. Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966. Day One Handout Name ____________________________________ Definitions: Look up each of the following words and write out the definition. Segregation: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Non-violence: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Direct action: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Non-Violent Direct Action Protests: Read the following list of non-violent direct actions and discuss in your groups. Sit-ins (restaurants, lunch counters) Kneel-ins (churches) Stand-ins (theaters, swimming pools, libraries) Marches Mass meetings Picketing Vigils Prayer meetings Jail-ins (attempt to overcrowd jails) Fasting Nonviolent obstruction (streets, vehicles) Boycotts Rent strikes Voter registration drives Day Two Handout -Page 1 CORE Rules for Action Guarantees of the Individual to the Group A CORE member will investigate the facts carefully before determining whether or not racial injustice exists in a given situation. A CORE member will seek at all times to understand both the attitude of the person responsible for a policy of racial discrimination, and the social situation which engendered the attitude. The CORE member will be flexible and creative, showing a willingness to participate in experiments which seem constructive, but being careful not to compromise CORE principles. A CORE member will make a sincere effort to avoid malice and hatred toward any group or individual. A CORE member will never use malicious slogans or labels to discredit any opponent. A CORE member will be willing to admit mistakes. He will meet the anger of an individual or group in the spirit of good will and creative reconciliation; he will submit to assault and will not retaliate in kind either by act or word. A member will never engage in any action in the name of the group except when authorized by the group or one of its action units. When in an action project a CORE member will obey the orders issued by the authorized leader or spokesman of the project, whether these orders please him or not. If he does not approve of such orders, he shall later refer the criticism back to the group or to the committee which as the source of the project plan. No member, after once accepting the discipline of the group for a particular action project, shall have the right of withdrawing. However, should a participant feel that under further pressure he will no longer be able to adhere to the Rules for Action, he shall then withdraw from the project and leave the scene immediately after notifying the project leader. Only a person who is a recognized member of the group leader in a particular project shall be permitted to take part in that group action. Guarantees from the Local Group to the Individual Each member has the right to dissent from any group decision and, if dissenting, need not participate in the specific action planned. Each member shall understand that all decisions on general policy shall be arrived at only through democratic group discussion. A CORE member shall receive the uncompromising support of his CORE group as he faces any difficulties resulting from his authorized CORE activities. Day Two Handout -Page 2 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Statement of Purpose We affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our faith, and the manner of our action. Nonviolence as it grows from the Judeo-Christian tradition seeks a social order of justice permeated by love. Integration of human endeavor represents the crucial first step towards such a society. Through nonviolence, courage displaces fear; love transforms hate. Acceptance dissipates prejudice; hope ends despair. Peace dominates war; faith reconciles doubt. Mutual regard cancels enmity. Justice for all overcomes injustice. The redemptive community supersedes systems of gross social immorality. Love is the central motif of nonviolence. Love is the force by which God binds man to himself and man to man. Such love goes to the extreme; it remains loving and forgiving even in the midst of hostility. It matches the capacity of evil to inflict suffering with an even more enduring capacity to absorb evil, all the while persisting in love. By appealing to conscience and standing on the moral nature of human existence, nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities. Day Two Handout -Page 3 Southern Christian Leadership Conference: This is SCLC Aims and Purposes of SCLC The Southern Christian Leadership Conference has the basic aim of achieving full citizenship rights, equality and the integration of the Negro in all aspects of American life. SCLC is a service agency to facilitate coordinated action of local community groups within the frame of their indigenous organizations and natural leadership. SCLC activity revolves around two main focal points: the use of nonviolent philosophy as a means of creative protest; and securing the right of the ballot for every citizen. Philosophy of SCLC The basic tenets of Hebraic-Christian tradition coupled with the Gandhian concept of satyagraha truth force is at the heart of SCLCs philosophy. Christian nonviolence actively resists evil in any form. It never seeks to humiliate the opponent, only to win him. Suffering is accepted without retaliation. Internal violence of the spirit is as much to be rejected as external physical violence. At the center of nonviolence is redemptive love. Creatively used, the philosophy of nonviolence can restore the broken community in America. SCLC is convinced that nonviolence is the most potent force available to an oppressed people in their struggle for freedom and dignity. SCLC and Nonviolent Mass Direct Action SCLC believes that the American dilemma in race relations can best and most quickly be resolved through the action of thousands of people, committed to the philosophy of nonviolence, who will physically identify themselves in a just and moral struggle. It is not enough to be intellectually dissatisfied with an evil system. The true nonviolent resister presents his physical body as an instrument to defeat the system. Through nonviolent mass direct action, the evil system is creatively dramatized in order that the conscience of the community may grapple with the rightness or wrongness of the issue at hand. Supplementary Materials Visual Aids These photographs can be used to supplement this lesson plan. Pass them out to the class or incorporate them into your classroom presentation. More visual aids can be found at: www.loc.gov/rr/print/. Figure 3: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in front of SCLC Headquarters in Atlanta. Figure 1: Background Map: 1961 Freedom Rides [New York]: Associated Press News Feature. ca. 1962 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/s84.6p1.jpg http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/SCLC_King.jpg Figure 2: Tottle House Occupied during a Sit-in by some of Americas most effective organizers. Atlanta, Georgia, ca. 1963 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc84.1b.jpg Civil Rights Timeline *Adapted from http://www.africanaonline.com/2010/08/civil-rights-timeline/* 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education: U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation in public schools. 1955 Bus boycott launched in Montgomery, Ala., after an African-American woman, Rosa Parks, is arrested December 1 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person. 1956 December 21 After more than a year of boycotting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegregate. 1957 At previously all-white Central High in Little Rock, Ark., 1,000 paratroopers are called by President Eisenhower to restore order and escort nine black students. 1960 The sit-in protest movement begins in February at a Woolworths lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C. and spreads across the nation. 1961 Freedom rides begin from Washington, D.C: Groups of black and white people ride buses through the South to challenge segregation. 1963 Police arrest King and other ministers demonstrating in Birmingham, Ala., then turn fire hoses and police dogs on the marchers. Medgar Evers, NAACP leader, is murdered June 12 as he enters his home in Jackson, Miss. Four girls killed Sept. 15 in bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Ala. 1964 July 2 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 1965 Malcolm X is murdered Feb. 21, 1965. Three men are convicted of his murder. August 6. President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters and suspended devices such as literacy tests that aimed to prevent African Americans from voting. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., unleashing violence in more than 100 cities. In response to Kings death, Seattle residents hurled firebombs, broke windows, and pelted motorists with rocks. Ten thousand people also marched to Seattle Center for a rally in his memory. 1992 The first racially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a jury acquits L.A. police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an African American.

Antiquated Schmantiquated †Keep the Records Coming :: Personal Narrative Writing

Antiquated Schmantiquated – Keep the Records Coming I get by because of the people who make a special effort to shop here Saturdays†¦young men who seem to spend a disproportionate amount of their time looking for deleted Smiths singles and â€Å"ORIGINAL NOT RERELEASED† underlined Frank Zappa albums. ~Nick Hornby, High Fidelity As I walked into Second Coming Records in Cambridge, Massachusetts on a cloudy, humid June afternoon I was thrilled to find that one of the guys behind the counter had put on an album by the Vibrators, a band I adore. I excitedly told my older brother Jeff, whom I was visiting, about how they had played in State College twice, how I had been in the front row at both shows, and especially how I got to hang out with the band at a party after the second show. Jeff didn’t seem to really appreciate the fact that I’d hung out with a band that had shared a stage with the Sex Pistols. Nevertheless, I was inspired to see what Second Coming’s Vibrators section contained. I still had some cash left from my very recent twenty-first birthday and I was ready to spend it. I located the white plastic separator in the V section with â€Å"The Vibrators† handwritten on it and began to flip through the records, each protected by a clear plastic sleeve. I was surprised to come upon a copy of Pure Mania, their first LP. I had been looking for a good vinyl copy of this for about a year. The price sticker was marked $19.99 and I wondered why a used record was priced so high. I carefully removed the record itself from its sleeve and angled the black shiny vinyl so that the inadequate overhead lighting fell at just the right angle across the disk. Etched into the vinyl on the border of the label I found what I was looking for: 1A (records are marked with different codes to identify each successive pressing). An original, first-pressing Pure Mania! This was more than I had hoped for. Still, twenty bucks was something to think about. I examined the surface of the record, checking for any scratches or warping that would infringe on the playing. It appeared nearly perfect. I ended up buying that record, and that day I spent over six hours and two hundred dollars shopping for records. I’m considered to be a lightweight by many.

The Language of The Neuromancer Essay examples -- Neuromancer Essays

The Language of The Neuromancer      According to A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, formalistic approach represents "an approach with methodology, with a history, with practitioners and with some detractors" (73). "When all the words, phrases, metaphors, images, and symbols and examined in terms of each other and of the whole, any literary text worth our efforts will display its own internal logic" (75). However, peculiarity of language use remains one of the most prevalent aspects of the formalistic approach in literature.    "The sky above the port was the color of television tuned into a dead channel" (3).    Opening the novel with the use of such extravagant language, the author sets an ambiance for an intriguing and intricate proceeding plot. Using surrealistic language that starts with heavy-duty terminology and bizarre coding, to names of places that have dubious and ambiguous meaning, to characters' names that Gibson uses in his cyberpunk novel, the author exposes the reader to a number of different nationalities and words derived from foreign languages that pertain to events of the modern world. Gibson talks about the Russian military prosthesis, the East European steel teeth of Ratz's, the Chinese "nerve splicing," the Japanese "Sarariman" or the English slang for "suit," the Australian bellowing, the French "flechettes," the Jamaican Rustafarian culture, the Turkish settings, which proceeds in an on-going concoction of terminology. This concept leads to the perception that incorporation and interrelation of mixed and diverse cultures through the use of different languages represen ts a stronghold for the creation of the entire world as one big cosmopolitan society.    Describing... ...ce, and 'mancer' stands for a magician and romance. Yet, "Neuromancer" might be Gibson's mere speculation about Case's "quality" as a computer "hacker" who disrupts the social order by throwing virus programs into society, thus causing chaos in the world. Nonetheless, using the "neuromancer" as a pun, the author could be alluding to the "Necromancer" in Goethe's "Faust," which means a magician dealing in evil spirits and death. Apparently, peculiarity and the use of surrealistic language determine the conceit and revelation of the novel's plot. However, contemplating about the future of science fiction and cyberpunk literature, it is probable that humans will not be capable of deciphering the language without the use of additional help sources. Rather, science fiction's predisposition of becoming an unintelligible puzzle of words increases on a daily basis.   

Socrates Arguments Crito

The Platonic ‘Death of Socrates Dialogues', are a quartet of important and influential conversations written by Plato, but told through the eyes of his mentor Socrates. Written in 386BC, they tell the story surrounding the Socrates being charged by the state for piety and corruption of the youth. They are conversations between Socrates, his friends, and his censors, the rulers of Athens. Socrates has found guilty of these crimes and after failing to convince the Athenian statesmen that he had been wrongfully accused, and sentenced to death. The third story from the quartet is ‘Crito' where Socrates chats with his wealthy friend Crito, who after bribing a guard, offers to help Socrates escape his sentence. Socrates refuses, and the dialogue throws up a few moral arguments where he explains his reasons to Crito, Socrates argues that it is necessary for the state to punish him as he has not acted within the laws that govern Athens. After all, he has faced the serious charge of worshipping false gods, and by passing these views on to his young followers, further charge with corrupting them. As he is a ighly respected citizen within Athens, he thinks that he should lead by example and take his punishment. After all, he knew the laws and more than likely and knew what punishment he would incur if caught. No one is above the law. The laws are set by the state in order for citizens to follow a code of behaviour. Failure to adhere to such laws could lead to destruction of the state and it is right that the government made and example of him. He thinks that if laws are broken, then the ruling class should have the powers to deal with the lawbreakers, otherwise what is the point having he laws, or indeed the state who police the laws in place. He also argued that he has been privileged to be part of the state of Athens and had received all the benefits that come with being a citizen of such an institution. Although the benefits are available to all Athenians, on the premise that you obey its laws. The state that had been so good to him over his 71 years of life, and the laws there provided him and his family with sanctuary. The state provided security for his parents to marry and to bring him up safely. The state also provided him with the ducation of which made him the man he was. He was using this education against the state by teaching youths to think differently about the gods that the Athenians worshipped. He uses the analogy that the relationship between he, or indeed anyone else and the state of Athens was like that of parent and child. Children should obey their parents, therefore citizens should obey the state. By escaping prison, this would not be obeying the state so he chooses to stay put. He argues that the state is in fact more important than parents or ancestors, because it is the state that enables its itizens to nurture. This argument is probably not very sound. To say that parents are similar to the state is not accurate. You are born to parents and are expected to comply with state procedure while living there. Occasionally within family life, there can be systematic physical abuse from parents which often goes unreported. Generally you do not get physically abused by the state, unless of course you are unlucky to live in somewhere that shy away from democracy. By being born into a family, rules are not set as stone, and as a child you are expected in a way not always to act to these rules. Usually there is more leniency within the family when it comes to rule breaking than if you break a state law. He also argues that anyone born into the state and benefiting from the laws of the state has a duty to not to do anything that may help destroy the state, and by escaping this would have a detrimental effect on the state and it laws. He argues that although he was born in Athens, there were no laws stopping him from leaving. Simply by choosing to live there all his live, he unwittingly enters an implied contract and must adhere to the laws of the state, otherwise face the punishment. He chose ot to live in Sparta or Crete, he chose to live in Athens, so must have satisfaction for the the state, therefore its laws. If he did not agree with the laws, then he would have to prove to the rulers of Athens that they were unjust. Although he tried to convince the the judges that his conviction was unjust, it is within the interests of the state for them to overlook his thoughts and label him a corrupter of the state. To avoid corrupting the state further, he chose to take his punishment of death by hemlock and not take up Crito's offer of help to escape as that would be doing something unjust, hile his sentence in his eyes was unjust. In other words, two wrongs do not make a right. It could be said that Socrates thinks being born into state and reaping the benefits of being a citizen. If this was the case, he could be expected to do anything the state asks him to do as he lives there, and is by living there he has a social contract bestowed on him. There are many moral instances where it is probable that he may not adhere to this tacit agreement, for example, doing wrong by his family. Socrates had the opportunity to except banishment from the state of Athens but chose not to. After all Athens was his home and although he is a respected figure within the state, he was unsure if he would be happy in another state. They would know of his conviction, which basically is a charge saying he did not adhere to state laws, and brandished a trouble maker. This could make things uncomfortable for him to settle down as he may not be accepted or respected in the manner that he had been in Athens. However, he decided to stand up for himself and try to convince the judges that his views are correct but fail, so accepts his punishment. Even although he thinks the sentence is njust he sees no advantage in escaping. His reputation would be in tatters and would be remembered as a coward who instead of taking his punishment, chose to run away and live a life of obscurity. Even although he thinks he is being victimised, eluding his punishment he would also be breaking the laws of the state and is still under social contract to obey these laws. By becoming political martyr, he is making a stand against the state while adhering to the laws of the state. Socrates believed his argument to the jury that convicted him was enough to prove the charges were unjust. However when convicted he did not plead to be spared the death sentence as this would have meant that he would have been acting unjust, by accepting that he had wronged. He argues that there would be no advantage escaping prison. He would be acting unjustly after being convicted unjustly. Those helping him escape would be endangering their lives in doing so. He had lived in Athens all his life, so the thought of living somewhere less civilised was not appealing. He would be seen by his many followers as a man not true to himself and would be deemed a coward. As a man of virtue, he accepted his fate by drinking the poison hemlock thus osthumously ensuring his family and friends would not be harmed and that his reputation as an honourable man was intact. Socrates puts forward the first instance of social contract theory known. Law makers since have used social contracts to curtail and nurture human behaviour, which many people find unjust. Although in some instances these contracts have been challenged successfully, a couple of examples being the abolition of slavery and women having the same rights as men. Whilst Socrates was unsuccessful in his challenge against he died a man who stood up for his morals and beliefs and possibly the worlds first political martyr.